composers (S)

Karol Szymanowski, Karol Szymanowski, composer; b. 3^rd October 1882 in Tymoszówka, d. 29^th March 1937 in Lausanne. He spent his childhood in his family’s country estate. In 1889 he started learning the piano with his father, and later in a music school in Elisavetgrad with Gustav Neuhaus. In 1901-05 he studied with Marek Zawirski (harmony) and Zygmunt Noskowski (counterpoint and composition) in Warsaw. In the same period, he made the acquaintance of Paweł Kochański, Artur Rubinstein, the conductor Grzegorz Fitelberg, the playwright and painter Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz “Witkacy”, and the novelist Stefan Żeromski. In 1905 he travelled with Witkacy (his first trip to Italy). In the same year, together with Grzegorz Fitelberg, Ludomir Różycki and Apolinary Szeluto, he founded the Young Polish Composers’ Publishing House, operating under the patronage of Władysław Lubomirski, whose aim was the promotion of Polish contemporary composers. This group of composers was soon referred to as the “Young Poland”. In 1906, members of the group gave composer concerts in Warsaw and Berlin. In 1906-07, Karol Szymanowski frequently visited Berlin and Leipzig, and in 1908 – made another journey to Italy. In 1912 he settled in Vienna. In that period, he signed a ten-year contract with the Universal-Edition publishing house. In 1914, he travelled again to Italy and Sicily, North Africa, Paris and London, and in 1915-16 – to Kiev, Moscow and Petersburg.
In 1917 the Bolshevik October Revolution forced the composer to leave his native Tymoszówka forever. He moved to Elisavetgrad, and in 1919 he settled in Warsaw. In 1921, together with Paweł Kochański and Artur Rubinstein, he travelled to the United States; in May 1922, his composer concert in Paris received an enthusiastic response. In August 1922, he visited Zakopane for the first time after World War I, and from that moment on he was a regular guest there. His artistic interests increasingly focused on Polish folk music, particularly that of the Podhale region at the foot of the Tatra and Kurpie north of Warsaw. In 1926, he turned down the post of director in Cairo Conservatory, and instead, from 22^nd February 1927 till 31^st August 1929, he was the rector of the Conservatory in Warsaw. In 1929, he received treatment in the Edlach Sanatorium in Austria, later – in Davos in Switzerland. From 1st September 1930 till 30^th April1932, he was the vice-chancellor of the Higher School of Music in Warsaw. In 1930 he took permanent residence in Zakopane, in “Villa Atma” . In 1933-36, he performed his own works in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, England, Italy, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and the Soviet Union. The two greatest Polish 20^th-century composers, Karol Szymanowski and Witold Lutosławski, met only once in their lifetime – in 1935. In November that year, Szymanowski left “Atma”, never to return. He stayed several times in the French sanatorium in Grasse, and in March 1937 he died in a sanatorium in Losanne.

Karol Szymanowski’s numerous awards and distinctions included: The Officer’s and Commander’s Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta, The Italian Royal Officer’s and Commander’s Orders, the Honorary Order Regia Accademia di Santa Cecilia, the Academic Gold Laurel Wreath of the Polish Academy of Literature, an honorary doctorate of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow and the honorary memberships of České Akademie Véd a Uméni, the Latvian Music Conservatory in Riga, St Cecilia Royal Academy in Rome, Royal Academy of Music in Belgrade, and the International Society for Contemporary Music. In 1935, he was presented with the State Music Award.

A website dedicated to the composer: www.karolszymanowski.pl

works

In 1994, EMI recorded three of Karol Szymanowski’s works: Litany to the Virgin Mary, Stabat Mater and Symphony No.3, with the singers Elżbieta Szmytka, Florence Quivar, John Connell and Jon Garrison, the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, conducted by Simon Rattle, who was just then embarking on a great and brilliant world career. Inquired about Szymanowski’s music, Rattle admitted that he could not approach his music in a distanced and objective manner, as you cannot expect objectivism and sensibility from someone in love. Sensibility is, he claims, out of place anyway when dealing with this music. His first encounter with Szymanowski he owes to his friend, the English pianist Paul Crossley, who once played him a fragment of some composition. He had no idea what it could be, but after the first few bars he was extremely excited and knew it was going to be love at first sight. What Paul Crossley played was – the last part of the Stabat Mater. This composition was later included in the programme of one of Simon Rattle’s first concerts with City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. It was an extraordinary musical journey. Szymanowski’s music “carried away” the ensemble, both choir and orchestra. Having performed Stabat Mater a number of times, Simon Rattle took up Symphony No. 3. He believes he had unearthed the music at exactly the right moment, when the world was finally prepared to accept it. Szymanowski’s religious works - Stabat Mater, Litany to Virgin Mary – respond to people’s growing need for spirituality. The music is wonderfully multi-coloured and immensely emotional. English audiences could not previously take in such intense and direct emotionality – they had to grow up to appreciate it, but now they are ready to absorb it.
In Simon Rattle’s opinion, such works by Szymanowski as his violin concertos or Sinfonia concertante should have become a staple of the violin and piano repertoires worldwide already a long time ago. The two or three dozen pieces once recorded by Toscanini are simply not enough. The public is open to a new repertoire, as borne out by the phenomenal success of Górecki, enthusiastically greeted not only by the traditional philharmonic audiences. Górecki now has his fans in Britain among people who have never listened to classical music before; Szymanowski could make a comparable impact.
Simon Rattle discovered Symphony No. 3 owing to Witold Lutosławski, whom this very composition had once inspired to become a composer. Rattle sees the Symphony No. 3 as a wondrous mystical piece expressing a fascination with the East, a composition whose atmosphere answers the needs of a contemporary audience. Nonetheless, he believes that Szymanowski’s later works, which mark his return to Polish tradition, even to Slavic roots, with something like a reference to Mussorgsky, are even more important for present-day culture. Towards the end of the 20^th century, the rest of the world must finally discover what Poles have known since the beginning: Szymanowski was one of the century’s greatest composers (“Studio” 1994 No. 10).

Another world-famous conductor, Charles Dutoit, recorded both of Karol Szymanowski’s violin concertos with the Orchestre Symphonique de Montréal and the Canadian violinist Chantal Juillet. The record was released in 1994 by Decca. Dutoit found Szymanowski’s music very much to his taste, because it is extremely colourful, full of wonderful colours – and in this sense it does not really sound like most Central European music. He believes his orchestra plays it quite well. They have already performed many of Szymanowski’s works. Apart from the violin concertos with Madame Juillet, with which they have toured all over the world, including even Buenos Aires and Tokyo, they have also played the Symphonies No. 3 and No. 4, Concert Overture, Stabat Mater, in fact – the vast majority of his orchestral works. This music is not very popular yet, but its time is coming. Dutoit himself has long been fascinated with it. He conducted Szymanowski with all the major American orchestras, including New York Philharmonic, Boston Symphony Orchestra, Philadelphia Orchestra. Still as a violinist, he performed The Fountain of Arethusa from Myths; it is one of those works which every violinist ought to play. Also wonderful is the Violin Sonata, and he is fond of both of his quartets. He is also familiar with some of Szymanowski’s piano music (“Studio” music magazine, 1994 No. 9).

It seems that the time for Szymanowski’s music has eventually come. Today it finds its way concert halls and operatic stages more and more frequently. One of the major factors that have contributed to the present-day renaissance of Szymanowski’s art worldwide is his opera King Roger, which is coming to be seen as the most successful Polish opera of all time. The work was written in 1918-1924 to a libretto by the eminent Polish writer Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, when Szymanowski – having gone through a period of fascination with German neo-Romanticism – was seeking new inspirations. In 1914 he made a journey to Italy, Sicily and North Africa, which proved very important for his artistic development. On his way back, he stopped off in Paris, where he became acquainted with the works of Debussy and Ravel. The works which resulted from these influences were largely influenced by impressionism, exotic cultures and the Antiquity. Exotic and ancient cultures are the topics, but there are also elements of stylisation and the sound becomes impressionist in character. Szymanowski simplifies the texture of his works, abandons the dense polyphonic interplay of many melodic motifs, but without rejecting the melody itself, which he now presents against the background of colouristically varied harmonies, so characteristic of impressionism, which, emphasising the impressive nature of sound, puts harmony in the foreground while reducing the melody. Szymanowski combines the impact of harmony with an active role of the melody, which gives his “impressionism” an individual strain, distinguishing him from other European composers influenced by this trend. All of these features of Szymanowski’s musical language are distinctly present in King Roger, which, alongside the subject of the opera, creates its unique character and originality. There are elements of musical drama in the form of leitmotifs, but also – of the opera (independent self-contained scenes which arrest the action, but are strongly integrated into it), and echoes of the Greek tragedy with its choirs situated outside the dramatic action. Szymanowski formed a kind of musical-theatrical spectacle out of these elements, extremely original when compared with the European music of that period.
In Szymanowski’s oeuvre, there are many such original works. All of his music is distinguished by a special charm to which many present-day music lovers can also succumb.

kompozycje

Nine Preludes op. 1 for piano * (1899-1900)

Six Songs op. 2 to poems by Kazimierz Tetmajer for voice and piano * (1900-02)

Four Studies op. 4 for piano * (1900-02)

Variations on a Polish Folk Theme in B Minor op. 10 for piano * (1900-04)

Variations in B flat Minor op. 3 for piano * (1901-03)

Three Fragments from Poems by Jan Kasprowicz op. 5 for voice and piano (1902)

Piano Sonata No. 1 in C Minor op. 8 * (1903-04)

Salome op. 6, a song to words by Jan Kasprowicz for voice and orchestra (1904)

A Swan op. 7, a song to words by Wacław Berent for voice and piano * (1904)

Sonata in D Minor for violin and piano op. 9 * (1904)

Four Songs op. 11 to words by Tadeusz Miciński for voice and piano * (1904-05)

Concert Overture in E Major op. 12 for symphony orchestra * (1904-05)

Fantasy op. 14 for piano * (1905)

Five Songs op. 13 for voice and piano (1905-07)

Prelude and Fugue in C Sharp Minor for piano * (1905-09)

Symphony No. 1 in F Minor op. 15 (1906-07)

Trio op. 16 for piano, violin and cello (1907)

Twelve Songs op. 17 for voice and piano (1907)

Penthesilea op. 18, a song to words by Stanisław Wyspiański for voice and orchestra * (1908)

Lottery for Husbands, an operetta in 3 acts (1908-09)

Six Songs op. 20 to words by Tadeusz Miciński for voice and piano* (1909)

Symphony No. 2 in B flat major op. 19 * (1909-10)

Colourful Songs op. 22 for voice and piano * (1910)

Romance in D Major op. 23 for violin and piano * (1910)

Piano Sonata No. 2 in A Major op. 21 * (1910-11)

Hafiz’ Love Songs op. 24 for voice and piano * (1911)

Hagith op. 25, opera in one act * (1912-13)

Hafiz’ Love Songs op. 26 for voice and orchestra * (1914)

Symphony No. 3 “Song of the Night” op. 27 for solo tenor (or soprano), mixed choir and orchestra * (1914-16)

Nocturne and Tarantella op. 28 for violin and piano * (1915)

Metopes op. 29, three poems for piano * (1915)

Myths op. 30, three poems for violin and piano * (1915)

Songs of the Fairy Princess op. 31 for voice and piano * (1915)

Three Songs op. 32 to words by Dmitry Davidov for voice and piano * (1915)

Masques [Masks] op. 34, three pieces for piano * (1915-16)

Twelve Studies op. 33 for piano * (1916)

Violin Concerto No. 1 op. 35 * (1916)

Piano Sonata No. 3 op. 36 * (1917)

String Quartet No. 1 op. 37 * (1917)

Demeter op. 37/2 for solo alto, women’s choir and orchestra * (1917)

Agawe op. 38 for solo alto, women’s choir and orchestra * (1917)

Three Capriccios by Paganini op. 40 for violin and piano * (1918)

Four Songs op. 41 to words by Rabindranath Tagore for voice and piano * (1918)

Songs of the Mad Muezzin op. 42 for soprano and piano * (1918)

King Roger op. 46, an opera in 3 acts * (1918-24)

Mandragora op. 43, pantomime on 3 topics for symphony orchestra * (1920)

Solemn March for orchestra (1920)

Słopiewnie op. 46/2, five songs to words by Julian Tuwim for voice and piano * (1921)

Three Lullabies op. 48 for voice and piano * (1922)

Nursery Rhymes op. 49, 20 songs to words by Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna for voice and piano (1922-23)

Harnasie [Highland Robbers] op. 55, ballet-pantomime in 3 scenes for solo tenor, mixed choir and orchestra * (1923-31)

Idom se s’uhaje dowu, s’pievayency... (Siuhay song), highlander song for voice and piano (1924)

Twenty Mazurkas op. 50 for piano * (1924-25)

Two Basque Songs op. 44 for voice and piano (1925)

Duke Potemkin op. 51, music for Act Five of a drama by Tadeusz Miciński * (1925)

Lullaby (Le berceuse d’Aïtacho Enia) op. 52 for violin and piano * (1925)

Stabat Mater op. 53 for solo voices, mixed choir and orchestra * (1925-26)

Four Songs op. 54 to words by James Joyce for voice and piano * (1926)

String Quartet No. 2 op. 56 * (1927)

Vocalise-Étude for voice and piano (1928)

Six Songs from Kurpie for mixed unaccompanied choir (1928-29)

Veni Creator op. 57 for soprano, mixed choir, organ and orchestra to a text by Stanisław Wyspiański * (1930)

Kurpie Songs op. 58 for voice and piano * (1930-32)

Litany to the Virgin Mary op. 59, two fragments for soprano, women’s choir and orchestra * (1930-33)

Symphony No. 4 (Symphonie concertante) op. 60 for piano and orchestra * (1932)

Violin Concerto No. 2 op. 61 * (1932-33)

Two Mazurkas op. 62 for piano * (1933-34)

literatura wybrana

Bronowicz-Chylińska Teresa Karol Szymanowski, PWM, Kraków 1961

Chomiński Józef From the Life and Works of Karol Szymanowski. Studies and Materials, PWM, Kraków 1960

Chomiński Józef Studies on the Works of Karol Szymanowski, PWM, Kraków 1969

Chylińska Teresa Between the Composer and the Publisher. Karol Szymanowski’s Correspondence with Universal Edition, PWM, Kraków 1978

Chylińska Teresa Karol Szymanowski’s Zakopane Days. 1894-1936, PWM, Kraków 1975

Chylińska Teresa Karol Szymanowski. Letters Vol. 1: 1903-1919, PWM, Kraków 1982

Chylińska Teresa Karol Szymanowski. Letters Vol. 2: 1920-1926, PWM, Kraków 1994

Chylińska Teresa Karol Szymanowski. Letters Vol. 3: 1927-1931, Musica Iagellonica, Kraków 1997

Chylińska Teresa Szymanowski and His Music, PZWS, Warszawa 1971

Chylińska Teresa The History of a Friendship. Karol Szymanowski’s Correspondence with Paweł and Zofia Kochański, PWM, Kraków 1971

Golachowski Stanisław Karol Szymanowski, PWM, Kraków 1956

Iwaszkiewicz Jarosław Meetings with Szymanowski, PWM, Kraków 1947

Komorowska Małgorzata Szymanowski in the Theatre, Instytut Sztuki PAN, Warszawa 1992

Lissa Zofia Karol Szymanowski. Proceedings of a Scientific Conference on the Work of Karol Szymanowski, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa 1964

Maciejewski Bogusław M. Karol Szymanowski. His Life and Music, Poets’ and Painters’ Press, London 1967

Michałowski Kornel Karol Szymanowski 1882-1937. Thematic Catalogue of Works and Bibliography, PWM, Kraków 1967

Michałowski Kornel Karol Szymanowski. Bibliography (1967-1991). Discography (1981-1991), Musica Iagellonica, Kraków 1993

Rytard Jerzy Mieczysław Memories of Karol Szymanowski, PWM, Kraków 1947

Szymanowski Karol From His Writings, PWM, Kraków 1958

Szymanowski Karol From the Letters, PWM, Kraków 1958

Szymanowski Karol Writings Vol. 1. Writings on Music, PWM, Kraków 1984

Szymanowski Karol Writings Vol. 2 Literary Works, PWM, Kraków 1989

Zieliński Tadeusz A. Szymanowski. Lyricism and Ecstasy, PWM, Kraków 1997

Łobaczewska Stefania Karol Szymanowski. Life and Works (1882-1937), PWM, Kraków 1950

publikacje

Karol Szymanowski on Frédéric Chopin, PWM, Kraków 1949

Szymanowski Karol Formative Role of Musical Culture in the Society, PWM, Kraków 1949